The undersigned organizations condemn the Egyptian authorities' blocking of at least 600 websites since May 2017, and the use of vaguely worded laws to legalize the blocking in contradiction of international treaties.
The undersigned human rights organizations denounce the Egyptian authorities’ blocking of at least 600 websites since May 2017 including media, political and human rights platforms. Blocking websites is a violation of people’s rights of access to information and freedom of expression.
The Egyptian authorities have been using the equipment of the United States’ company Sandvine to assist in blocking these websites. Sandvine has a recorded history of facilitating human rights violations related to the production and selling of internet surveillance and censorship devices.
The undersigned organizations emphasize that the vaguely worded legislation passed in Egypt to legalize website blocking, especially the Press and Media Regulation law, and the Cybercrime law, both passed in 2018, are unconstitutional, run in contradiction to the international treaties on human rights signed by the Egyptian government, and should be annulled.
The Egyptian authorities began by blocking 21 media websites on 24 May 2017 without any legal basis. The government did not declare which of the state bodies ordered this website blocking, and which executed it, and how to appeal against such an unjust decree.
The authorities then continued to block websites and censor the internet on a wide scale, until the number of blocked websites reached at least 628, including 596 websites, and 32 alternative links created by the administrators of the blocked websites to reach their audience.
The list of blocked websites includes: 116 media and press websites, 394 VPN and proxy service providers, 15 human rights websites, 11 cultural websites, 17 chatting websites, 27 political opposition websites, 8 blogs and blog hosts, 12 multi-media sharing websites, and others.
Earlier, the Egyptian parliament had issued law 175/2018 to combat information technology crimes. Article 7 of the law gives the prosecutor the right to block websites only after getting permission from a court. It also gives the police the authority to notify the National Telecom Regulatory Authority (NTRA) of an emergency website block in case of any imminent danger. The article uses vague terms to define the violations that call for website blocking, such as ‘endangering national security’, and ‘endangering the national economy’.
The parliament then endorsed law 180/2018 on regulating the press and media, which gave the Supreme Council for Media Regulation (the administrative body responsible for regulating Egypt’s media sector) the authority to block websites for a variety of reasons, including: publishing or broadcasting false news, publishing or broadcasting calls for breaking the law, hatred or violence, publishing or broadcasting content that encourages discrimination between citizens, or libel or contempt to heavenly religions.
The application of this law is not restricted to media outlets only; it is also applied to any personal website/blog or any social media account with 5,000 or more followers.
Human rights organizations and media platforms have filed a number of lawsuits against these repressive laws, including one filed by the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information against the blocking of the Al-Arabi Al-Jadid website, and another one filed by the Association for Freedom of Thought and Expression against the authorities’ failure to declare the state body responsible for website blocking. This last lawsuit also requested the government to reveal the administrative and technical reasons behind the website blocks.
The administrators of the ‘Mada Masr’ website also filed a lawsuit demanding the authorities officially declare their blocking decree, and the administrative and technical reasons that led to the block, in addition to ordering the service provider to lift any technical hindrances that prevent the website owners and users from reaching it.
The Egyptian government’s continued efforts to block websites and restrict access to information online are a clear violation of human rights standards, mainly article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) that Egypt has ratified, as well as national constitutional principles, and must come to an end.
According to the general comment N°34 of 2011, the Human Rights Committee of the ICCPR affirmed that imposing a general ban on operating some websites and systems is inconsistent with the third paragraph of article 19. It also contradicts the same aforementioned paragraph “to prohibit a site or an information dissemination system from publishing material solely on the basis that it may be critical of the government or the political social system espoused by the government”.
In 2011, in a joint declaration on freedom of expression and the Internet with his counterparts at the regional level, the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression confirmed that the blocking decisions are similar to decisions to close radio or television channels or ban newspapers from activity. Therefore, taking such decisions cannot be acceptable except in extreme cases, such as publishing content containing sexual assault against children.
Finally, the Egyptian authorities’ use of the technique of the Deep Packet Inspection in the infrastructure that allows the prevention of communication or the exercise of censorship constitutes a serious violation of Article 71 of the Egyptian Constitution, which states that “It is prohibited to censor, confiscate, suspend or shut down Egyptian newspapers and media outlets in any way”
The undersigned organizations call on the Egyptian government to:
- End its policy of website blocking and lift all existing blockages on websites.
- Declare the legal basis of its actions in blocking more than 600 websites in the previous three years.
- Annul the right of the Supreme Council for Media Regulation to block websites that provide media or human rights content, as this runs in contradiction to the constitution and violates citizens’ right to access information.
- Repeal the Articles of the ‘Press and Media Regulation law,’ and the ‘Cybercrime’ law that give the state the authority to block websites on the basis of vague accusations.
- Stop purchasing and using surveillance and censorship equipment that is used to restrict freedoms on the Internet.
